Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells derived from the embryonic mesoderm. They have been extensively used for a wide range of cellular and molecular studies as they are one of easiest types of cells to grow in culture. Their durability also makes them amenable to a variety of manipulations ranging from studies employing gene transfection to microinjection. Fibroblasts in the vascular adventitia, the outermost connective tissue covering of a vessel, have been implicated in vascular injuries through transient changes in their phenotypic and proliferative properties, and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the adventitia. Such changes play an important role in the remodeling of vessel walls under pathological conditions, and thus suggest great potential for sitespecific vascular wall gene therapy to regulate vascular tone through vascular adventitial fibroblasts . HBVAF from ScienCell Research Laboratories are isolated from human brain. HBVAF are cryopreserved at passage one and delivered frozen. Each vial contains >5 x 105 cells in 1 ml volume. HBVAF are characterized by spindle morphology and by immunofluorescence with antibody specific to fibronectin. HBVAF are negative for HIV-1, HBV, HCV, mycoplasma, bacteria, yeast, and fungi. HBVAF are guaranteed to further expand for 15 population doublings under the conditions provided by ScienCell Research Laboratories. Recommended Medium It is recommended to use Fibroblast Medium (FM, Cat. #2301) for culturing HBVAF in vitro.